Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is the junior United States Senator from New York, and is a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 presidential election. She is married to Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, and was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001.
A native of Illinois, Hillary Rodham initially attracted national attention in 1969 when she became the first student to speak at commencement exercises for Wellesley College. She began her career as a lawyer in the 1970s after graduating from Yale Law School, moving to Arkansas and marrying Bill Clinton in 1975; she was named the first female partner at Rose Law Firm in 1979 and was named one of the hundred most influential lawyers in America in 1988 and 1991. She served as the First Lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992, and was active in a number of organizations concerned with the welfare of children.
As First Lady of the United States, she took a more prominent position in policy matters than many before her. Her major initiative, the Clinton health care plan, failed to gain approval by the U.S. Congress in 1994, but she did succeed in establishing the Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, among other things. Clinton later became the first First Lady to be subpoenaed. She testified before a Federal grand jury as a consequence of the Whitewater scandal in 1996, but was never charged with any wrongdoing in this or several other investigations during the Clinton administration. The state of her marriage to Bill Clinton was the subject of considerable public discussion following the events of the Lewinsky scandal in 1998.
Moving to New York, Clinton was elected to the United States Senate in 2000, becoming the first First Lady elected to public office and the first woman elected Senator from New York. She was re-elected by a wide margin in 2006, and has consistently been the front-runner in polls for the 2008 Democratic nomination for President.
Early life and education
Early life
Hillary[1] Diane Rodham was born at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois,[2] and was raised in a United Methodist family[3] first in Chicago, and then, from the age of three, in suburban Park Ridge, Illinois.[4] Her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was a son of Welsh and English immigrants[5] and operated a small but successful business in the textile industry.[6] Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell Rodham, of English, Scottish, French Canadian, Welsh, and possibly Native American descent,[7] was a homemaker.[4] She has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony.
As a child, Hillary Rodham was involved in many activities at church and at her public school in Park Ridge. She participated in a variety of sports and earned awards as a Brownie and Girl Scout.[8] She attended Maine East High School, where she had participated in student council, the debating team and the National Honor Society. For her senior year she was redistricted to Maine South High School,[9] where she was a National Merit Finalist.[9] Raised in a conservative family,[10] she volunteered for Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the United States presidential election of 1964.[11] Her parents encouraged her to pursue the career of her choice.[12]
College
After graduating from high school in 1965, Rodham enrolled in Wellesley College where she majored in political science.[13] She became active in politics and served as president of the Wellesley Young Republicans organization during her freshman year.[14][15] However, due to her evolving views regarding the American Civil Rights movement and the Vietnam War, she subsequently stepped down from that position.[14] In her junior year, Rodham was affected by the death of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., whom she had met in person in 1962,[8] and became a supporter of the anti-war presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy.[16] Rodham organized a two-day strike and worked with Wellesley's black students for moderate changes, such as recruiting more black students and faculty.[17] In that same year she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government.[18] She attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program at the urging of Professor Alan Schechter, who assigned Rodham to intern at the House Republican Conference so she could better understand her switch to the Democratic Party.[17] Rodham was invited by Representative Charles Goodell, a moderate New York Republican, to help Governor Nelson Rockefeller's late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination.[17] Rodham attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami, where she decided to leave the Republican Party for good; she was upset over how Richard Nixon's campaign had portrayed Rockefeller and what Rodham perceived as the "veiled" racist messages of the convention.[17]
Rodham returned to Wellesley, and wrote her senior thesis about the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky under Professor Schechter (that, years later while she was First Lady, was suppressed at the request of the White House and became the subject of mystery[19]). In 1969, Rodham graduated with departmental honors in political science. Stemming from the demands of some students,[20] she became the first student in Wellesley College history to deliver their commencement address.[21] According to reports by the Associated Press, her speech received a standing ovation lasting seven minutes.[22] She was featured in an article published in Life magazine, due to the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Edward Brooke, who had spoken before her at the commencement.[8] That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions).[23][24]
Law school
Rodham then entered Yale Law School, where she served on the Board of Editors of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action.[25] During her second year, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center,[26] learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973).[27][28] She also took on cases of child abuse at Yale-New Haven Hospital,[27] and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free advice for the poor.[26] In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright Edelman's Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator Walter Mondale's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor, researching migrant workers' problems in housing, sanitation, health and education;[29][30] Edelman would become a significant mentor to her.[30]
In the late spring of 1971, she began dating Bill Clinton, who was also a law student at Yale. That summer, she interned on child custody cases[31] at the Oakland law firm of Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein,[32][33] which was known for its support of constitutional rights, radical causes, and for the Communist sympathies of some of its partners.[33] The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern.[34][35] She received a Juris Doctor degree from Yale in 1973,[8] having spent an extra year there in order to be with Clinton.[36] She began a year of post-graduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.[37] Her first scholarly paper, "Children Under the Law", was published in the Harvard Educational Review in late 1973[38] and became frequently cited in the field.
Marriage and family, law career and First Lady of Arkansas
A key decision
During her post-graduate study, Rodham served as staff attorney for Edelman's newly-founded Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts[39] and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children.[40] During 1974 she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Washington, D.C., advising the House Committee on the Judiciary during the Watergate scandal.[41][42] Under the guidance of Chief Counsel John Doar and senior member Bernard Nussbaum,[27] Rodham helped research procedures of impeachment and the historical grounds and standards for impeachment.[42] The committee's work culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974.[42]
By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future; Democratic political organizer and consultant Betsey Wright had moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide her career;[43] Wright thought Rodham had the potential to one day become a Senator or President.[44] However, helped by her having passed the Arkansas but not the District of Columbia bar exam on her first attempt,[45] Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head."[46] She thus followed Bill Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington where career prospects were best. Clinton was at the time teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, she moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas and became one of two female faculty members at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville School of Law,[47] where Bill Clinton also taught.
Early Arkansas years
In the summer of 1975, the couple bought a house in Fayetteville, and on October 11, 1975, Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton were married in a Methodist ceremony in their living room.[48] She kept her name as Hillary Rodham.[49] Bill Clinton had lost the Congressional race in 1974, but in November 1976 was elected Attorney General of Arkansas. This required the couple to move to the state capital of Little Rock.[50] Rodham joined the venerable Rose Law Firm, a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence,[51] in February 1977,[52] specializing in patent infringement and intellectual property law,[25] while also working pro bono in child advocacy;[53] she rarely performed litigation work in court.[54] In 1978, President Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had done 1976 campaign coordination work in Indiana[55]) appointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Services Corporation,[56] and she served in that capacity through the end of 1981.[57] For much of that time[58] she served as the chair of that board, the first woman to do so.[59] During her time as chair, funding for the Corporation was expanded from $90 million to $300 million,[53] and she successfully battled against President Ronald Reagan's initial attempts to reduce the funding and change the nature of the organization.[53]
In January 1979, following the November 1978 election of her husband as Governor of Arkansas, Rodham became First Lady of Arkansas, her title for a total of 12 years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). In 1979,[60] she became the first woman to be made a full partner of Rose Law Firm.[61] From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than he did.[52] During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham made a spectacular profit from trading cattle futures contracts. The couple also began their ill-fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal at this time.
On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to a daughter, Chelsea, her only child. In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for re-election.
First Lady of the United States
A new kind of First Lady
After her husband became a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination of 1992, Hillary Clinton received national attention for the first time. Before the New Hampshire primary, tabloid publications printed claims that Bill Clinton had had an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers, an Arkansas lounge singer.[78] In response, the Clintons appeared together on 60 Minutes, during which Bill Clinton denied the affair but acknowledged he had caused "pain" in their marriage.[79] (Years later, he would admit that the Flowers affair had happened.[80]) Hillary Clinton made culturally dismissive remarks about Tammy Wynette[81] and baking cookies[82] during the campaign that were ill-considered by her own admission. Bill Clinton said that electing him would get "two for the price of one", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume.[83]
When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States, and announced that she would be using that form of her name.[84] She was the first First Lady to hold a post-graduate degree[85] and to have her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House.[86] She was also the first First Lady to take up an office in the West Wing of the White House,[37] First Ladies usually staying in the East Wing. She is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history, save for Eleanor Roosevelt.[87]
Some critics called it inappropriate for the First Lady to play a central role in matters of public policy. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors and that voters were well aware that she would play an active role in her husband's Presidency.[88] Bill Clinton's campaign promise of "two for the price of one" led opponents to refer derisively to the Clintons as "co-presidents",[89] or sometimes "Billary".[90] The pressures of conflicting ideas about the role of a First Lady were enough to send Clinton into "imaginary discussions" with the also-politically-active Eleanor Roosevelt.[91] Other segments of the public focused on her appearance, which had evolved over time from inattention to fashion during her days in Arkansas,[92] to a popular site in the early days of the World Wide Web devoted to showing her many different hairstyles as First Lady,[93] to an appearance on the cover of Vogue magazine in 1998.[94]
Health care and other policy initiatives
In 1993, the president appointed his wife to head and be the chairwoman of the Task Force on National Health Care Reform. The recommendation of the task force became known as the Clinton health care plan, a complex proposal that would mandate employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. The plan was quickly derided as "Hillarycare" by its opponents, and did not receive enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate, although both chambers were controlled by Democrats. The proposal was abandoned in September of 1994. Clinton later acknowledged in her book, Living History, that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat, but mentioned that many other factors were also responsible. Republicans made the Clinton health care plan a major campaign issue of the 1994 midterm elections,[95] which saw a net Republican gain of 53 seats in the House election and 7 in the Senate election, winning control of both.[96] Opponents of universal health care would continue to use "Hillarycare" as a pejorative label for similar plans by others.[97]
First Ladies (left to right) Nancy Reagan, Lady Bird Johnson, Clinton (then the current First Lady), Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, and Barbara Bush on May 11, 1994 at the National Garden Gala: A Tribute to America's First Ladies
First Ladies (left to right) Nancy Reagan, Lady Bird Johnson, Clinton (then the current First Lady), Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, and Barbara Bush on May 11, 1994 at the National Garden Gala: A Tribute to America's First Ladies
As First Lady, Clinton hosted numerous White House Conferences, including ones on Child Care (1997),[98] Early Childhood Development and Learning (1997),[99] and Children and Adolescents (2000),[100] and the first-ever White House Conferences on Teenagers (2000)[101] and Philanthropy (1999).[102] She promoted nationwide immunization against childhood illnesses and encouraged older women to seek a mammogram to detect breast cancer, with coverage provided by Medicare.[103] She initiated the Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, a federal effort that provided state support for children whose parents were unable to provide them with health coverage. She successfully sought to increase research funding for prostate cancer and childhood asthma at the National Institutes of Health.[37] The First Lady worked to investigate reports of an illness that affected veterans of the Gulf War, which became known as the Gulf War syndrome.[37] In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act, which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as First Lady.[37]
In a September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Clinton argued very forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in China itself.[104] Together with Attorney General Janet Reno, Clinton helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice.[37] She was one of the most prominent international figures at the time to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Islamist fundamentalist Taliban that had seized control of Afghanistan.[105][106] She helped create Vital Voices, an international initiative sponsored by the United States to promote the participation of women in the political processes of their countries.[107]
Whitewater and other investigations
Starting during the 1992 presidential campaign, and throughout her time as First Lady, the Whitewater controversy was the subject of attention. The Clintons had lost their late-1970s investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation; at the same time, Clintons partners Jim and Susan McDougal operated a savings and loan that retained Hillary Clinton's legal services at Rose Law Firm. When the McDougals' savings and loan failed in 1994, federal investigators subpoenaed Clinton's legal billing records for auditing purposes. Hillary Clinton claimed to be unable to produce these records. After an extensive, two-year search, the records were found in the first lady's book room in the White House and delivered to investigators in early 1996. The delayed appearance of the billing records sparked intense interest and another investigation about how they surfaced and where they had been; Clinton attributed the problem to disorganization that resulted from her move from the Arkansas Governor's Mansion to the White House as well as the effects of a White House renovation.[108] After the discovery of the records, on January 26, 1996, Clinton made history by becoming the first First Lady to be subpoenaed to testify before a Federal grand jury.[109][110][111] After several Independent Counsels investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 which stated that there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing.[112]
Other investigations took place during Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. Examinations of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an affair that sometimes became known as "Travelgate", began with charges that the White House had used alleged financial improprieties in the Travel Office operation to give the business to Arkansas friends of theirs; over the years the investigation focused more and more on whether Hillary Clinton had orchestrated the firings and whether she made true statements regarding her role in them to investigating authorities. The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found that there was substantial evidence that she was involved in the firings and that she had made "factually false" statements, but that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her.[113] Following deputy White House counsel Vince Foster's July 1993 suicide, allegations were made that Hillary Clinton had ordered the removal of potentially damaging files (related to Whitewater or other matters) from Foster's office on the night of his death.[114] Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated this, and by 1999 Starr was reported to still be holding the investigation open, despite his staff having told him there was no case.[115] When Starr's successor Robert Ray issued his final Whitewater reports in 2000, no claims were made against Hillary Clinton in this regard. In March 1994 newspaper reports revealed her spectacular profits from cattle futures trading in 1978–1979; allegations were made of conflict of interest and disguised bribery, and several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no official investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing.[116] An outgrowth of the Travelgate investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that sometimes became known as "Filegate"; accusations were made that Hillary Clinton had requested these files and that she had recommended hiring the unqualified head of the White House Security Office.[117] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found there was no substantial or credible evidence that Hillary Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter.[118]
The Lewinsky scandal
In 1998, the Clintons' relationship became the subject of much speculation and gossip as a result of the Lewinsky scandal, when it was revealed the President had had an extramarital affair with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky.[119] Events surrounding this scandal eventually led to the impeachment of Bill Clinton. Later saying she had been misled by her husband's initial claims that no affair had taken place,[120] Hillary Clinton stated at the time that the allegations against her husband were the result of a "vast right-wing conspiracy",[121] characterizing the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Clinton political enemies, rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible, she remained resolute that their marriage was solid.[citation needed] Both Clintons' memoirs later stated that the revelation of the affair was a very painful time in their marriage. There were a mix of public reactions to Hillary Clinton: some women admired her strength and poise in private matters made public, some sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior, others criticized her as being an enabler to her husband's indiscretions by not obtaining a divorce, while still others accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of maximizing her own political power.[citation needed] In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute her decision to stay married to love: "No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met."[122]
Traditional duties
Clinton initiated and was Founding Chair of the Save America's Treasures program, a national effort that matched federal funds to private donations for the purpose of preserving and restoring historic items and sites,[123] which included the flag that inspired the Star Spangled Banner and the First Ladies Historic Site in Canton, Ohio.[37] She was head of the White House Millennium Council,[124] and initiated the Millennium Project with monthly lectures that discuss futures studies, one of which became the first live simultaneous webcast from the White House. Clinton also created the first Sculpture Garden, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned from museums in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden.[125]
In the White House, Clinton placed donated handicrafts of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the state rooms. She oversaw the restoration of the Blue Room on the state floor, and the redecoration of the Treaty Room into the presidential study on the second floor. Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the White House, such as a St. Patrick's Day reception, a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in public schools, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the twenty-first century, and a state dinner honoring the bicentennial of the White House in November of 2000.
Senate election of 2000
Main article: New York United States Senate election, 2000
The long-serving United States Senator from New York, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, announced his retirement in November 1998. Several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative Charles Rangel of New York, urged Clinton to run for Moynihan's open seat in the United States Senate election of 2000.[126][127] When she decided to run, Clinton and her husband purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York, north of New York City in September 1999.[128] She became the first First Lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office. At first, Clinton was expected to face Rudy Giuliani, the Mayor of New York City, as her Republican opponent in the election. However, Giuliani withdrew from the race after being diagnosed with prostate cancer, and Clinton instead faced Rick Lazio, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing New York's 2nd congressional district.
Throughout the campaign and during debates, Clinton was accused of carpetbagging by her opponents, as she had never resided in New York nor directly participated in the state's politics prior to this race, but exit polls revealed that more than two-thirds of voters regarded these criticisms as unimportant.
Much like Robert F. Kennedy, who in his 1964 campaign was similarly accused of carpetbagging, Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings.[129] During the campaign, she devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican Upstate New York regions.[130] Clinton vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included specific tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.[130]
The contest drew national attention and both candidates were well-funded. By the date of the election, the campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, along with Giuliani's initial effort, had spent a combined $78 million.[130] Clinton won the election on November 7, 2000, with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent.[131] She was sworn in as United States Senator on January 3, 2001.
United States Senator
First term
When Clinton entered the United States Senate, she maintained a low public profile as she built relationships with senators from both parties, to avoid the polarizing celebrity she experienced as First Lady.[86][132][133][134] It was reported that when Elizabeth Dole joined the Senate in 2003 under somewhat similar circumstances, she modeled her initial approach after Clinton's,[135] as did the nationally visible Barack Obama in 2005.[136]
In the Senate, Clinton has served on five committees with nine subcommittee assignments in all:
1. Committee on Armed Services (since 2003)[137]
Subcommittee Assignments: Airland | Emerging Threats and Capabilities | Readiness and Management Support
2. replacing an earlier assignment from 2001 on the Committee on Budget[138]
3. Committee on Environment and Public Works (since 2001[138])
Subcommittee Assignments: Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property, and Nuclear Safety | Fisheries, Wildlife, and Water | Superfund, Waste Control, and Risk Assessment
4. Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions(since 2001[138])
Subcommittee Assignments: Aging | Children and Families
5. Special Committee on Aging.[139]
Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, in which the World Trade Center in New York City was destroyed, Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts and security improvements in her state. She was audibly booed in an audience of New York firefighters and police officers during her on-stage appearance at The Concert for New York City on October 20, 2001.[140] Working with New York's senior senator, Charles Schumer, she helped secure $21.4 billion in funding for the World Trade Center site's redevelopment.[141] In 2005, Clinton issued two studies that examined the disbursement of federal homeland security funds to local communities and first responders. Clinton voted for the USA Patriot Act in October 2001, as did all but one senator. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she worked to address some of the civil liberties concerns with it,[142] before voting in favor of a compromise renewed act in March 2006 that gained large majority support.[143]
Senator Clinton listens as Chief of Naval Operations Navy Admiral Mike Mullen responds to a question during his confirmation hearing in front of the Senate Armed Services Committee
Senator Clinton listens as Chief of Naval Operations Navy Admiral Mike Mullen responds to a question during his confirmation hearing in front of the Senate Armed Services Committee
As a member of the Senate Committee on Armed Services, Clinton strongly supported military action in Afghanistan, saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the Taliban government.[144] Clinton voted in favor of the Iraq Resolution, which authorized United States President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq, should such action be required to enforce a United Nations Security Council Resolution after pursuing with diplomatic efforts. However, Clinton voted against the Levin Amendment to the Iraq Resolution, which would have required the President to conduct vigorous diplomacy at the UN, and would have also required a separate Congressional authorization to unilaterally invade Iraq.[145] Clinton later said that she did not read the National Intelligence Estimate that was delivered 10 days before the vote to all members of Congress, but that she was briefed on the report.[146][145]
After the Iraq War began, Clinton made trips to both Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there, such as the 10th Mountain Division based in Fort Drum, New York. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier, and that parts of the country were functioning well.[147] Noting that war deployments are draining regular and reserve forces, she co-introduced legislation to increase the size of the regular United States Army by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain.[148] In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" is also misguided, as it gives Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves." She criticized the administration for making poor decisions in the war, but added that it was more important to solve the problems in Iraq.[149] This centrist and somewhat vague stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic party who favor immediate withdrawal.[150] Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for veterans, and lobbied against the closure of several military bases.[151]
Senator Clinton voted against the tax cuts introduced by President Bush, including the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, saying it was fiscally irresponsible to reopen the budget deficit. At the 2000 Democratic National Convention, Clinton had called for maintaining a budget surplus to pay down the national debt for future generations. At a fundraiser in 2004, she told a crowd of financial donors that "Many of you are well enough off that ... the tax cuts may have helped you" but that "We're saying that for America to get back on track, we're probably going to cut that short and not give it to you. We're going to take things away from you on behalf of the common good."[152]
Senator Clinton delivers an address to Families USA
Senator Clinton delivers an address to Families USA
In Clinton's first term as senator, New York's jobless rate rose by 0.7 percent after a nationwide recession.[153] The state's manufacturing sector was especially beleaguered, losing about 170,000 jobs.[154] In 2005, Clinton and Senator Lindsey Graham cosponsored the American Manufacturing Trade Action Coalition, which provides incentives and rewards for completely domestic American manufacturing companies.[155] In 2003, Clinton convinced the information technology firm Tata Consultancy Services to open an office in Buffalo, New York,[156] but some criticized the plan because Tata is also involved in the business of outsourcing.[157] In 2004, Clinton co-founded and became the co-chair of the Senate India Caucus[158] with the aid of USINPAC, a political action committee.[159][160]
Senator Clinton led a bipartisan effort to bring broadband access to rural communities. She cosponsored the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, which encourages research and development in the field of nanotechnology.[161] She included language in an energy bill to provide tax exempt bonding authority for environmentally conscious construction projects,[162] and introduced an amendment that funds job creation to repair, renovate and modernize public schools.[162]
In 2005, Clinton was joined by former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, who once led the Republican opposition to her husband's administration,[163] in support of a proposal for incremental universal health care.[164] She also worked with Bill Frist, the Republican Senate Majority Leader, in support of modernizing medical records with computer technology to reduce human errors, such as misreading prescriptions.[165]
During the 2005 debate over the use of filibusters by Senate Democrats, which prevented some of President Bush's judicial nominations from being confirmed, Clinton was not part of the "Gang of 14", a bipartisan group of senators who would support cloture but oppose the Republican threat to abolish the filibuster. However, she did vote in favor of cloture along with that group, thereby allowing the nominations to come to a vote. She subsequently voted against three of the nominees, but all were confirmed by the Senate.[166]
Clinton voted against the confirmation of John Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States, saying "I do not believe that the Judge has presented his views with enough clarity and specificity for me to in good conscience cast a vote on his behalf," but then said she hoped her concerns would prove to be unfounded.[167] Roberts was confirmed by a solid majority, with half the Senate's Democrats voting for him and half against.[168] She joined with about half of the Democratic Senators in support of the filibuster against the nomination of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court, and subsequenty voted against his confirmation along with almost all Democratic members of the Senate.[169] On the Senate floor, Clinton said Alito would "roll back decades of progress and roll over when confronted with an administration too willing to flaunt the rules and looking for a rubber stamp."[170] Alito was confirmed in a vote split largely along party lines.
Clinton sought to establish an independent, bipartisan panel patterned after the 9/11 Commission to investigate the response to Hurricane Katrina by the federal, state and local governments, but could not obtain the two-thirds majority needed to overcome procedural hurdles in the Senate.[171]
In 2005, Clinton called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.[172] Along with Senators Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh, she introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act, intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. Similar bills have been filed in some states such as Michigan and Illinois, but were ruled to be unconstitutional.
In July 2004 and June 2006, Clinton voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage. The proposed constitutional amendment fell well short of passage on both occasions. On June 27, 2006, Clinton voted against the Flag Desecration Amendment, which failed to pass by one vote. Earlier, she attempted to reach a compromise by proposing a legislative ban on flag burning that would not require a constitutional amendment, but it was also voted down.
Reelection campaign of 2006
Campaign logo used by Senator Clinton
Campaign logo used by Senator Clinton
Main article: New York United States Senate election, 2006
In November 2004, Clinton announced that she would seek a second term in the United States Senate. The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro, withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance.[174] Clinton easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from anti-war activist Jonathan Tasini.[175] Clinton's eventual opponents in the general election were Republican candidate John Spencer, a former mayor of Yonkers, along with several third-party candidates. Throughout the campaign, Clinton consistently led Spencer in the polls by wide margins. She won the election on 7 November with 67 percent of the vote to Spencer's 31 percent,[176] carrying all but 4 of New York's 62 counties.[177]
Clinton spent $36 million towards her reelection, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections. She was criticized by some Democrats for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008.[178] In the following months she transferred $10 million of her Senate funds towards her now-official presidential campaign.[179]
Second term
In 2007, the Clintons liquidated a blind trust that had been established when he became president in 1993;[180] later disclosure statements revealed that the couple's worth was now upwards of $50 million.[180]
Clinton opposed the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 and supported a February 2007 non-binding Senate resolution against it, which failed to gain cloture.[181] In March 2007 she voted in favor of a war spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq within a certain deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines[182] but was subsequently vetoed by President Bush. In May 2007 a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80-14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of the 14 that voted against it.[183] In August 2007 Clinton, following the lead of Armed Services Committee chair Carl Levin, called on the Iraqi Parliament to replace Nouri al-Maliki as Prime Minister of Iraq with "a less divisive and more unifying figure," saying that Maliki had failed to make progress in bridging differences between the hostile factions within Iraq.[184] Maliki responded angrily to the suggestion, saying "There are American officials who consider Iraq as if it were one of their villages, for example Hillary Clinton and Carl Levin ... This is severe interference in our domestic affairs."[185] Clinton responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."
In March 2007, in response to the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy, Clinton called on Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to resign,[186] and launched an Internet campaign to gain petition signatures towards this end.[187]
In May and June 2007, regarding the high-profile, hotly debated comprehensive immigration reform bill known as the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Clinton twice voted against amendments that would have derailed the bill, thus moving forward the bill's chance of passage.[188][189][190] Subsequently she voted in favor of a cloture motion to bring the bill to a vote, which failed.[191] When the bill was again brought forward, she continued to vote in favor of cloture motions to consider it.[192]
In May 2007, following the Supreme Court's decision in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. to narrowly interpret the time period in which equal pay discrimination complaints must be filed, Clinton vowed to introduce legislation to statutorily expand this timeframe.[193]
Her current approval rating in the Senate as of 8-21-2007, is 64%, with 34% disapproving.[194]
Presidential campaign of 2008
Clinton had been mentioned as a potential candidate for United States President since at least October 2002, when an article in The New York Times discussed the possibility.[195] Since then, Clinton had been ranked among the world's most powerful people by Forbes magazine[196] and Time magazine's Time 100. Opinion polling consistently places her among the most popular statewide officials in New York.[197] At the same time, Clinton has often been referred to as one of the most polarizing figures in American politics.[198][199][200]
On January 20, 2007, Clinton announced on her Web site the formation of a presidential exploratory committee, with the intention to become a candidate for president in the United States presidential election of 2008. In her announcement, she stated, "I'm in. And I'm in to win."[201] No woman has ever been nominated by a major party for President of the United States.
Throughout the first half of 2007, Clinton led the field of candidates competing for the Democratic nomination in opinion polls for the election. Most polls placed Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and former Senator John Edwards of North Carolina as Clinton's closest competitors in the early caucus and primary election states.[202][203] Clinton set records for early fundraising,[179] which Obama nearly matched; but Clinton generally maintained her lead in the polls.[204][205] By September 2007, opinion polling in the first six states holding Democratic primaries or caucuses showed that Clinton was leading in Iowa, Michigan, New Hampshire, Nevada, Florida and South Carolina, with the race being closest in Iowa,[206] where Edwards was polling behind Clinton but ahead of Obama, and in South Carolina,[207] where Obama was polling behind Clinton but ahead of Edwards.
In late August 2007, a major contributor to, and "bundler" for, Clinton's campaign, called a "HillRaiser", Norman Hsu, was revealed to be a 15-years-long fugitive in an investment fraud case.[208] He was also suspected of having broken campaign finance law regarding his bundling collections.[209] Upon learning of this, the Clinton campaign said it would donate to charity the $23,000 that Hsu personally contributed to her presidential campaign, her Senate re-election and her political action committee.[210] Further, on September 10, 2007, the campaign announced that in an "abundance of caution", it would refund to 260 donors the full $850,000 in bundled donations raised by Hsu, after Federal investigators began looking into whether Hsu violated election laws by using "straw donors", second and third party individuals and organizations who could accept donations and then pass them on to candidates.[211]
On September 17, 2007, Clinton revealed her new American Health Choices Plan, an "individual mandate" universal health care plan that would guarantee health care coverage for all Americans, either by keeping their current employer-based coverage, or choosing expanded versions of Medicare or federal employee health plans.[212][213] The projected cost of the plan is $110 billion a year, which she proposed to pay for by cutting government medical costs and by not extending the Bush tax cuts to those making over $250,000 a year.[212] Clinton emphasized that this was not a reprise of the failed 1993 Clinton health care plan, saying it reflected her experiences and now involved no new government bureaucracy, but Republican opponents disagreed and immediately dubbed it "Hillarycare 2.0",[213] while Elizabeth Edwards, wife of Democratic candidate John Edwards, said it was too imitative of Edwards' earlier plan.[214]
Political positions
Main article: Political positions of Hillary Rodham Clinton
In terms of public perception of her views, in a Gallup poll conducted during May 2005, 54% of respondents considered Senator Clinton a liberal, 30% considered her a moderate, and 9% considered her a conservative.[215]
In 2004, the National Journal's study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the political spectrum, relative to the current Senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and a rating of 100 being most conservative.[216] The 2006 Almanac of American Politics rated her, with most liberal = 100, most c.. 0, according to a three-dimensional spectrum: Ec.. 63, Social = 82, Foreign = 58. Average = 68.[217] Another analysis by three political scientists found her as likely being the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal Senator.[218]
Various interest groups have given Senator Clinton scores or grades as to how well her votes align with the positions of the group:
* Through 2006, she has a lifetime 96% "Liberal Quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action.[219]
* Through 2006, she has a lifetime 9% rating from the American Conservative Union.[220]
* She received an 'A' (excellent) on the Drum Major Institute's 2005 Congressional Scorecard on middle-class issues.[221]
* The American Civil Liberties Union has given her a 72% lifetime rating, including a 33% rating for the 2006–2007 legislative session.[222]
* NARAL Pro-Choice America consistently gave her a 100% pro-choice rating from 2002 to 2006.[223]
* The National Rifle Association gave her an 'F' (failing) rating for her stance on Second Amendment issues.[222]
Controversies
Further information: List of Hillary Rodham Clinton Controversies
Hillary Clinton has been involved in various controversies, notably official enquiries into her business dealings in Arkansas that have been summarized above. She has also been involved in controversies arising from the administration of her husband, in addition to controversial public statements that attracted media attention, including but not limited to those described above.
Writings and recordings
As First Lady of the United States, Clinton published a weekly syndicated newspaper column entitled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000, distributed by Creators Syndicate.[224] It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she encountered during her travels around the world.[12]
In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for the children of America in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. The book was a New York Times Best Seller,[225] and Clinton received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording.[225] The title refers to an African proverb that states "It takes a village to raise a child".
Clinton's autobiography Living History
Clinton's autobiography Living History
Other books released by Clinton when she was First Lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) and An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000). In 2001, she wrote the foreword to the children's book Beatrice's Goat.
In 2003, Clinton released a 562-page autobiography, Living History. In anticipation of high sales, publisher Simon & Schuster paid Clinton a record advance of $8 million. The book sold more than one million copies in the first month following publication[226] and was translated into 12 foreign languages.[227]
Clinton's audio recording of the book earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Spoken Word Album.
[edit] Awards and honors
Main article: Hillary Rodham Clinton awards and honors
Hillary Clinton has been given numerous awards and honors.
[edit] Electoral history
New York United States Senate election, 2000
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Hillary Rodham Clinton 3,747,310 55.3
Republican Rick Lazio 2,915,730 43.0
New York United States Senate election, 2006
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Hillary Rodham Clinton
(Incumbent) 3,008,428 67.0 +11.7
Republican John Spencer 1,392,189 31.0 -12.0
[edit] Further reading
Main article: List of books about Hillary Rodham Clinton
[edit] Footnotes and references
1. ^ In 1995, Hillary Clinton said her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first-climber of Mount Everest, and that was the reason for the unusual "two L's" spelling. However, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Critics have used the discrepancy as evidence that she is prone to fabrications. In October 2006, a Clinton spokeswoman said she was not in fact named after the mountain climber, rather "It was a sweet family story her mother shared to inspire greatness in her daughter, to great results I might add." See "Hillary, Not as in the Mount Everest Guy", The New York Times, October 17, 2006, and "How to Beat Hillary in 2008", Intellectual Conservative, February 12, 2006.
2. ^ "Edgewater Hospital 1929–2001", Edgewater Historical Society. Summer 2003. Accessed June 10, 2007.
3. ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2003). Living History. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2224-5. , p. 7.
4. ^ a b Living History, p. 9.
5. ^ Living History, p. 4.
6. ^ Living History, p. 8.
7. ^ Living History, p. 2.
8. ^ a b c d Hillary Clinton's Education. Hillary-Rodham-Clinton.org. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
9. ^ a b Dr. Doug Kelly, "Hillary Clinton's High School Yearbook". Accessed Jun 1, 2007.
10. ^ Brock, David (2006). The Seduction of Hillary Rodham (excerpt from the book). Retrieved on 2007-02-05.
11. ^ J. William Middendorf, Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign And the Origins of the Conservative Movement. Basic Books, 2006, ISBN 0-465-04573-1. Page 266.
12. ^ a b c Hillary Rodham Clinton. White House. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
13. ^ Hillary Rodham Clinton (1992-05-29). Hillary Rodham Clinton Remarks to Wellesley College Class of 1992. Wellesley College. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
14. ^ a b Living History, p. 31.
15. ^ "Wellesley College Republicans: History and Purpose", May 16, 2007. Gives organization's prior name. Accessed June 2, 2007.
16. ^ Living History, p. 32.
17. ^ a b c d Leibovich, Mark. "In Turmoil of '68, Clinton Found a New Voice", The New York Times, New York Times Company, September 5, 2007. Retrieved on September 6, 2007. (English)
18. ^ Living History, p. 34.
19. ^ Dedman, Bill (2007-03-02). Reading Hillary Rodham's hidden thesis. MSNBC. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.
20. ^ Living History, pp. 38–39.
21. ^ Lawson, Betsy (1999-07-19). Hillary D. Rodham's Student Commencement Speech 1969. Wellesley College. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
22. ^ "Brooke Speech Challenged by Graduate," in "Fitchburg Sentinel," June 2, 1969; "Brooke Speech Draws Reply," in "Nevada State Journal," June 2, 1969.
23. ^ Living History, pp. 42–43.
24. ^ Morris, Roger (1996). Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-2804-8. , p. 139.
25. ^ a b Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (1947–). The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
26. ^ a b Gerth, Jeff; Don Van Natta, Jr. (2007). Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-01742-6. , pp. 42-43.
27. ^ a b c Bernstein, Carl (2007). A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-3754-0766-9. , p. 75.
28. ^ The authors of Beyond the Best Interests of the Child were Center director Al Solnit, Yale Law professor Joe Goldstein, and Anna Freud.
29. ^ Morris, Partners in Power, pp. 142–143.
30. ^ a b Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 71-74.
31. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 46.
32. ^ Living History, pp. 54–55.
33. ^ a b Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 82–83.
34. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 48-49.
35. ^ Living History, pp. 58–60.
36. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 89.
37. ^ a b c d e f g First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton. National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
38. ^ Rodham, Hillary (1973). "Children Under the Law". Harvard Educational Review: 496.
39. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 91–92.
40. ^ "Adults Urge Children's Rights," The Arizona Sentinel, October 4, 1974
41. ^ Living History, pp. 65–69.
42. ^ a b c Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 94–96, 101–103.
43. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 62.
44. ^ Maraniss, David. First In His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton, Simon & Schuster, 1995, ISBN 0-671-87109-9. p. 277.
45. ^ Living History, p. 64. According to Carl Bernstein's 2007 biography, two-thirds (551 of 817) of the takers of the D.C. exam had passed, and Rodham did not tell even close friends of the failure until revealing it 30 years later in her autobiography. See A Woman in Charge, p. 92. American bar exams often have high failure rates, and many people take them a second or third time before passing. See Anne O'Dell-Rivero, "There is Hope for Those Who Have Failed the Bar", Lawcrossing.com.
46. ^ Living History, p. 69.
47. ^ Living History, p. 70.
48. ^ Living History, p. 75.
49. ^ She later wrote that she had kept her name to keep their professional lives separate and avoid seeming conflicts of interest, although it upset both their mothers. Living History, pp. 91–92.
50. ^ Living History, p. 78.
51. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 128. The firm was actually called Rose, Nash, Williamson, Carroll, Clay & Giroir at the time; it simplified its name to Rose Law Firm in 1980.
52. ^ a b Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 130.
53. ^ a b c Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 133.
54. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 131–132.
55. ^ Living History, pp. 77–78.
56. ^ Jimmy Carter: Nominations Submitted to the Senate, Week Ending Friday, December 16th, 1977, American Presidency Project.
57. ^ Ronald Reagan: Recess Appointment of Three Members of the Board of Directors of the Legal Services Corporation, January 22nd, 1982, American Presidency Project.
58. ^ The dates are in dispute: from 1978 according to Barbara Olson, Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton, Regnery Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-89526-197-9. p. 128; from 1979 according to National Equal Justice Library, Oral Histories: "First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton discussing her experiences as Chair of the Legal Services Corporation Board of Directors from 1979-80"; and through at least part of 1980, according to House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1980, U.S. House of Representatives hearings. The Chair of the Legal Services Corporation from 1980-1981 was F. William McCalpin, according to his law firm biography. Bill Clinton says she became Board Chair when she was 29 years old (i.e. before 1978).
59. ^ Morris, Partners in Power, p. 225.
60. ^ a b c d e f Stephen Labaton (1994-02-26). Rose Law Firm, Arkansas Power, Slips as It Steps Onto a Bigger Stage. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-09-20.
61. ^ Hillary Rodham Clinton. Edwardsly.com. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
62. ^ Bill Clinton's advisors thought her separate name to be one of the reasons behind his 1980 gubernatorial re-election loss. During the following winter, Vernon Jordan suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using Clinton as her name, and she began to do so publicly with Bill Clinton's February 1982 campaign announcement. She later wrote that "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name." Living History, pp. 91–93; see also Roger Morris, Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America, Henry Holt, 1996, ISBN 0-8050-2804-8. p. 282.
63. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 166.
64. ^ Hillary Chairs Arkansas Educational Standards Committee · 1982 - 1992
65. ^ "Hillary Clinton Guides Movement to Change Public Education in Arkansas", The Arkansas News, Spring 1993. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
66. ^ Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton (NY)
67. ^ Hillary Rodham Clinton. Scholastic Press. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
68. ^ Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 63.
69. ^ Gerth, Van Natta Jr., pp. 80-81.
70. ^ a b Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 82-84.
71. ^ "Clinton, Hillary Rodham", 300 Women who Changed the World, Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
72. ^ "Hon. Hillary Rodham Clinton", FindLaw. Accessed May 31, 2007.
73. ^ "Board of Directors Emeritus", Children's Defense Fund. Accessed May 31, 2007.
74. ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton" bio entry, The Washington Post. Accessed May 30, 2007.
75. ^ a b Harkavy, Ward. "Wal-Mart's First Lady", The Village Voice, May 24–30, 2000. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
76. ^ Picard, Ken. "Vermonters to Hillary: Don't Tread on Us", Seven Days, 2005-05-04. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
77. ^ a b c d e Michael Barbaro. "As a Director, Clinton Moved Wal-Mart Board, but Only So Far", The New York Times, 2007-05-20. Retrieved on 2007-09-23.
78. ^ Clintons to Rebut Rumors on "60 Minutes". The New York Times (1992-01-25). Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
79. ^ In 1992, Clinton Conceded Marital 'Wrongdoing'. The Washington Post (1992-01-26). Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
80. ^ Paula Jones challenges Clinton to debate, CNN (2004-06-30).
81. ^ During the political damage control over the Gennifer Flowers episode during the 1992 campaign, Hillary Clinton said in a joint 60 Minutes interview, "I'm not sitting here as some little woman 'standing by my man' like Tammy Wynette. I'm sitting here because I love him and I respect him, and I honor what he's been through and what we've been through together." The seemingly sneering reference to country music provoked immediate criticism that Clinton was culturally tone-deaf, and Tammy Wynette herself did not like the remark because her classic song "Stand by Your Man" is not written in the first person. See "2000: Hillary Clinton is first First Lady in Senate", BBC, November 7, 2000. Wynette further said that Clinton had "offended every true country music fan and every person who has 'made it on their own' with no one to take them to a White House." See "Tammy Wynette, country music's first lady, dies at 55", CNN.com, April 7, 1998. A few days later, on Prime Time Live, Clinton apologized to Wynette. Clinton would later write that she had not been careful in her choice of words and that "the fallout from my reference to Tammy Wynette was instant — as it deserved to be — and brutal." See Living History, p. 108. The two women patched things up, with Wynette appearing later at a Clinton fund raiser.
82. ^ Less than two months after the Tammy Wynette remarks, Hillary Clinton was facing questions about whether she could have avoided possible conflicts of interest between her Governor husband and work given to the Rose Law Firm, when she remarked, "I've done the best I can to lead my life ... You know, I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband was in public life." See Living History, p. 109. The "cookies and teas" part of this prompted even more culture-based criticism, objecting to Clinton's apparent distaste for women who had chosen a homemaker role in life. See "Hillary Clinton", Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Clinton subsequently offered up some cookie recipes as a way of making amends, and would later write of her chagrin: "Besides, I've done quite a lot of cookie baking in my life, and tea-pouring too!" Living History, p. 109.
83. ^ First Lady: Biography. AmericanPresident.org. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
84. ^ Anthony York, "On her own", Salon magazine, July 8, 1999. Accessed July 14, 2007. Her announcement was parodied by the May 1993 film spoof Hot Shots! Part Deux, in which all the female characters were given the middle name "Rodham"; see IMDB entry.
85. ^ First post-graduate degree through regular study and scholarly work. Eleanor Roosevelt had been previously awarded a post-graduate honorary degree.
86. ^ a b "Hillary Rodham Clinton", Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved on August 22, 2006.
87. ^ Rajghatta, Chidanand (1st quarter 2004). "First Lady President?". Verve magazine 12 (1). Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
88. ^ Peart, Karen N.. "The First Lady: Homemaker or Policy-Maker?", Scholastic Press. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
89. ^ Greenberg, Paul. "Israel's new friend: Hillary, born-again Zionist", Jewish World Review, 1999-07-15. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
90. ^ A perilous portmanteau?. Language Log (2005-11-01). Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
91. ^ The Eleanor Roosevelt "discussions" were first reported in 1996 by Washington Post writer Bob Woodward; they had begun from the start of Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. (See "Adviser downplays Hillary Clinton's conversations with Eleanor Roosevelt", CNN.com, June 24, 1996.) Following the Democrats' loss of congressional control in the 1994 elections, Clinton had engaged the services of self help expert Jean Houston, who allegedly sometimes dabbled in psychic experiences, spirits, trances, and hypnosis. Houston encouraged Clinton to pursue the Roosevelt connection, and while none of these psychic techniques were used with Clinton, critics and comics immediately suggested that Clinton was holding séances with Eleanor Roosevelt. The White House stated that this was merely a brainstorming exercise, and a private poll later indicated that most of the public believed these were indeed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder believing that communication with the dead was actually possible. (See "Never mind the pollsters", The Guardian, July 26, 2000.) In her 2003 autobiography, Clinton titled an entire chapter "Conversations with Eleanor", and stated that holding "imaginary conversations [is] actually a useful mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you choose the right person to visualize. Eleanor Roosevelt was ideal [as a trail-blazer and controversial First Lady]." (See Living History, pp. 258–259.)
92. ^ Living History, pp. 110–111.
93. ^ http://s-t.com/daily/03-96/03-02-96/1hair.htm
94. ^ http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9811/24/hillary/
95. ^ A Detailed Timeline of the Healthcare Debate portrayed in "The System"
96. ^ The Once and Future Hillary
97. ^ Klein, Joe. "The Republican Who Thinks Big on Health Care", Time, 2005-12-04. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
98. ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham: Address to the White House Conference on Child Care
99. ^ REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT AND THE FIRST LADY AT WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE ON EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
100. ^ White House Conference on Children and Adolescents 2000
101. ^ White House convenes conference on teen-agers CNN, May 2, 2000
102. ^ http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/columns/hrc102799.html
103. ^ "Remarks by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton at MedicareMammography Awareness Campaign Kick-off", The White House, May 1, 1995. Accessed March 23, 2007.
104. ^ Tyler, Patrick, "Hillary Clinton, In China, Details Abuse of Women", The New York Times, September 6, 1995. Accessed March 23, 2007.
105. ^ Feminist Majority Joins European Parliament's Call to End Gender Apartheid in Afghanistan
106. ^ CLINTON - TALIBAN
107. ^ Vital Voices — Our History. Accessed March 23, 2007.
108. ^ Living History, p. 331
109. ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/arkansas/docs/recs.html
110. ^ Blitzer, Wolf. "Subpoena brings out White House damage control", CNN, 1996-01-23. Retrieved on 2007-01-21.
111. ^ "Cast of Characters", CNN, 1997-07-04. Retrieved on 2007-01-21.
112. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/09/20/whitewater/
113. ^ Hughes, Jane. "Hillary escapes 'Travelgate' charges", BBC News (2000-06-23). Retrieved 2007-08-16.
114. ^ http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/whitewater/june96/senate_report_6-18.html
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116. ^ Claudia Rosett, "Hillary's Bull Market", The Wall Street Journal, October 26, 2000. Accessed July 14, 2007.
117. ^ http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/04/01/filegate/index.html
118. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/28/clinton.filegate/
119. ^ Starr Report: Nature of President Clinton's Relationship with Monica Lewinsky Accessed January 22, 2007.
120. ^ [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0306/10/lkl.00.html Transcript of Larry King Live interview about Living History, 10 June 203
121. ^ "Hillary Clinton: 'This Is A Battle'", 1998-01-27. Retrieved on 2006-08-29.
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123. ^ Save America's Treasures — About Us. Accessed March 23, 2007.
124. ^ CNN, December 31, 1999
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126. ^ A Race Of Her Own. Time magazine (1999-03-01). Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
127. ^ Clinton Is Welcome in Harlem. Congressman Charles Rangel, Washington D.C. Office (2001-02-14). Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
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129. ^ Adam Nagourney. "In a Kennedy's Legacy, Lessons and Pitfalls For Hillary Clinton; Carpetbagger Issue Has Echoes of '64, But Differences Could Prove Crucial", The New York Times, 2000-09-10. (also available at [1])
130. ^ a b c "Hillary Rodham Clinton scores historic win in New York", CNN, 2000-11-08. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
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133. ^ Hunt, Albert R.. "A Tale of Two Clintons", Wall Street Journal, 2001-04-07. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
134. ^ Kuhn, Martin. "Sen. Clinton Stresses Chronic Disease Needs", National Press Club, 2001-07-26. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
135. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. "In Senate, a Dole Is Following a Clinton Path", New York Times, 2003-05-09, p. A01. Retrieved on 2006-08-22. (preview only)
136. ^ Bacon, Jr., Perry. "Barack Obama Steps (Carefully) Into the Spotlight", Time, 2005-09-28. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
137. ^ "Hillary's War", The New York Times, May 29, 2007. Accessed May 30, 2007.
138. ^ a b c "Senate Temporary Committee Chairs", University of Michigan Documents Center, May 24, 2001. Accessed May 30, 2007.
139. ^ Official Senate web site, Committees
140. ^ "Heckling Hillary / A New York rock-concert crowd boos Sen. Clinton", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2001-10-29. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
141. ^ William C. Thompson, Jr., "Remarks Prepared for Delivery Association for a Better New York", September 4, 2002. Accessed April 8, 2007.
142. ^ "Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization Conference Report", December 16, 2005.
143. ^ " U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress - 2nd Session ... On the Conference Report (H.R. 3199 Conference Report)", United States Senate, March 2, 2006.
144. ^ Clinton, Hillary. "New Hope For Afghanistan's Women", Attacks on World Trade Center/Pentagon, Time, 2001-11-24. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
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152. ^ Fouhy, Beth. "San Francisco rolls out the red carpet for the Clintons", 2004-06-29. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
153. ^ New York State Unemployment Statistics. U.S. Dept. of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics (2006–07). Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
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1 comment:
Adherents.com reveals Rangel role in that there mafia fascist casuistry
cabal, Al Smith's subantennae which hijacked recent East Europe policy,
letting them terrorists into our country. Joe Bruno opposed Iraq war since
Saddam right hand was from this cabal. Rangel arose when Tom
Boland prosecuted Adam Clayton Powell because Ike bombed Eternal Rome during
the war and aborted the Universal Concordate. They bring illegals as fifth
column which is why we must diminish their power by sending their jobs to
India.
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